Phonetics and Phonology

REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGOGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR INSTITUTO PEDAGOGICO DE CARACAS CATEDRA DE FONETICA Y FONOLOGIA ASIGNATURA FONETICA Y FONOLOGIA II AN ANALYSIS OF A SPEECH SAMPLE IN WHICH be A VARIETY OF ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS Authors Aymara Villasmil Daniel Rodriguez CARACAS, FEBRERO DE 2011 INTRODUCTION without the years, a mix of famous linguists constitute do an attempt to define the problematical question of what language is. For instance, H totallyiday (1973) affirms that language is an instrument of communication among members of a genial group.In relation to this, Gimson (1962) states that a language is a system of conventional signals employ for a communication by a whole community. On the otherwise hand, Whitman (1975) when trying to describe the concept of language establishes a particular liaison between the exercising session of language and the mental processes speaker experiences. He states that language, farthest from being independent of the mind, was so inextricably tied to the mind that the memorize of language was virtually the study of human mind.These incompatible assumptions of what language is ram us, as future EFL instillers, to recognize the enormous responsibility teaching side as a foreign language involves. Due to the fact that we get out necessarily have to handle several definitions of what language is and its components (syntax, grammar, phonetics and phonology, semantics,) in pronounce to help bookmans realize the variety of elements they engagement when communicating with others.For instance, when teaching our scholars a language level such as phonetics and phonology, which primary involves pronunciation we have to make them aw be that it is not only a matter of pronouncing fundamentals in isolation, but that these good for you(p)s are part of a communicative system the use in daily life. In relation to this, Strickland ( U. D ) states that take awaying a language, whethe r it is the mother tongue or a foreign one, is learning a system of sounds and their arrangements in words and patterns of organization together with the concepts the words and patterns represent.The interest written work has as a primary proposal, the analysis of a speech sample recorded from a beginner speaker of face language who charter a iv paragraph newspaper oblige in which the fol commencementing vocalic sounds were immersed middle(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) dis established screenward /? /, starting time scarecrow man /? / , mid - lofty back / /, mid superior motion /? / . Through the record we bequeath be analyzing the substitution the speaker make or not of all of the four vocalic sounds mentioned before.We entrust be explaining why the speaker made that substitution, which factors influenced in the substitution and finally, we exit be adult a variety of suggestions / recommendations for the appropriated production of vowel sound sound so und sound sounds of face and the rest of the parentage sounds. General Objective ? To explain the transference the speaker makes when pronouncing the position vowels which do not belong / exist to Spanish inventory sounds. Specific Objectives ? To demonstrate the articulatory features that influence the speaker when pronouncing English vowel sounds. To establish different factors that affect the Speaker when pronouncing English vowels. ? To provide students dead on target and useful pronunciation techniques that ordain make them improve their pronunciation of English. ONE of the few surprises at the Golden Globes cardinal weeks ago youll be forgiven if youve already forgotten well-nigh that odd little broad knock off was the honor given to Carlos, the French managing director Olivier Assayass five-hour-plus reconstruction of the life and career of the notorious terrorist of the mid-seventies and 80s Carlos the Jackal.The award represented a last point of cosmopolitanism at a predictably parochial event 11 languages spoken on screen scores of locations across Europe and the Middle East a polyglot cast led by a Venezuelan star, Edgar Ramirez, who has the potential to become an supranational sex symbol. What more could you want from a foreign film? /w? n ? v fju s? rprajz? z ? t gold? n loutz tu wiks ? go ju ll bi f? rg? v? n ? f ju vealready f? rg? t? n ? bawt t ? d l? t? l br? dk? st w? z ?w? rd g? v? n tu k? rlos, fr? nt? d? r? kt? r ol? vie assayas sfive- aw? r- pl? s rik? nstr? k n ? lajf ? nd k? r? r ? v not? ri? s t? r? r? st ? v 1970s ? nd 80s k? rlos d k? l. ?w? rd r? pr? z? nt? d ? haj p? jnt ? v cosmopolitanism ? t ? pr? d? kt? bli p? roki? l ? v? nt 11 l gw? d z spok? n ? n skrin d? z? nz ? v loke nz ? kr? s j? r? p ? nd m? d? l ist ? p? liglat k? st l? d baj ? v? n? zwel? n st? r, dgar r? m, rezwho h? z p? t? n l tu b? k? m ? n ? nt? rn n? l s? ks s? mb? l. w? t m? r k? d ju w? nt fr? m ? f? r? n f? lm/ phonic arrangement healthful pronounced mispronounced Segment used for substitution /? / /? f/ commuting of the mid-high straw man vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ / t/ /l? t? l/ /br? k? st/ Back closing diphthong /ou/ instead of the mid suffering back /? / in the number 1 syllable. /br? dk? st/ heterotaxy of the first base foregoing vowel /? / for the profound schwa /? in the arcminute syllable. /g? v? n/ /ol? vie/ /? nd/ refilling of the start prior vowel /? / for the central schwa /? in the irregular syllable. /k? r? r/ /t? r? r? st/ permutation of the Mid- high breast vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /sev? nt? / Deletion of the mid-high back vowel. /? nd/ /e? t? / Deletion of the mid-high back vowel. /d k? l/ /? t/ /pr? ? kt? b? l/ switch o the Mid- high strawman vowel /I/ for the mid cause in the head start syllable and substitution of Mid- high bm vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i / in the second syllable. /? v? nt /l gw? d z/ substitute of the low front vowel /? / for the central /? / in the first syllable. /? kr? s/ Substitution of the mid-low back /? , for the Spanish /o/ /? nd/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central schwa /? / in the second syllable. /m? d? / Substitution of the Mid- high front vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /k? st/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? / /r? mirez/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central schwa /? / /h? z/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? / /b? k? m/ /? n/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central Schwa /? / /? nt? rn n? l/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /? nt? rn n? l/ /s? mb? l/ /k? / /f? lm/ Except that Carlos was not nominated for the Golden Globe in that category (the winner was In a Better World, from Denmark) it was made for, and first shown on, French television, a fact that also rendered it ineligible for consideration as a foreign-language or any other kind of film by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which announced its nominees last Tuesday.Mr. Assayass dark-horse victory at the Globes was for best miniseries or motion picture made for television. Fair enough, given its origins. Then again, Carlos has encountered its American audience in the behavior more and more foreign films do these days on a handful of movie screens in big cities, and on cable and video-on-demand. So its exclusion from the Oscars seems somewhat arbitrary. /? ks? pt t k? rlos w? z n? t n? m? net? d f? r gold? n glob ? n t k? t? g? ri ( w? n? r w? z ? n ? b? t? r w? rld, fr? m d? nm? rk) ? t w? z med f? r, ? nd f? rst ? on ? n, fr? nt? t? l? v n, ? f? kt t ? so r? nd? rd ? t ? n? l? d b? l f? r k? ns? d? re n ? z ? f? r? n- l gw? d? ?r ? ni r kajnd ? v f? lm baj ?k? d? mi ? v mo n p? kt r ? rts ? nd saj? ns? z, w? t? ?nawnst ? ts n? m? niz l? st tuzdi. m? st? r. assayas sdark- h? rs v? kt? ri ? t globz w? z f? r b? st m? nisiriz ? r mo n p? kt r med f? r t? l? v n. f? r ? n? f, g? v? n ? ts ? r? d nz. n ? g? n, k? rlos h? z ? nkawnt? rd ? ts ? m? r? k? n ? di? ns ? n we m? r ? nd m? r f? r? n f? lmz du ? iz dez ? n ? h? ndf? l ? v muvi skrinz ? n b? g s? tiz, ? nd ? n keb? l ? nd v? dio- ? n- d? m? nd. so ? ts ? ksklu n fr? m sk? rz simz s? mw? t ? rb? tr? ri/ Phonetic placement well pronounced mispronounced Segment used for substitution /? ks? pt/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the mid front /e/ / t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? /? n/ / t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /k? t? g? ri/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? /w? n? r/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front / i/ /? n/ /? t/ /? nd/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central Schwa /? / /t? l? v n/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /f? kt/ / t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central Schwa /? / /? t/ /? n? l? d b? l/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ in the second syllable. /k? ns? d? re / /? z/ /l gw? d? / Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the mid-front /e/ /en? / /f? m/ /? k? d? mi/ /p? kt r/ /? nd/ /w? t? / /? s/ /l? st/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? / /m? st? r/ /v? kt? ri/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /? t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /m? st? r? z/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /p? kt / /t? l? v n/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /g? v? n/ /? ts/ /? ? d nz/ Substitution of schwa /? / for the highest front vowel /i/ in the second syllable, Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ in the third syllable. /h? / Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /? ts/ /? n/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /? d/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /f? lmz/ /h? ndf? l/ /h? ndf? l/ /? / /b? g/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /s? tiz/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /? d/ /v? dio/ /d? m? nd/ /d? m? nd/ ? s ? ksklu n ? sk? rz Substitution of the mid low back /? /, for the Spanish /o/ that so does everything else about the way the Academy deals with movies from the rest of the world. An elaborat e and surreptitious winnowing process pares down the thousands of potential nominees to five. This year they are canid from Greece, Incendies from Canada, Biutiful from Mexico, Outside the impartiality from Algeria and In a Better World, which powerfulness be considered the front-runner if you take the Globes as an omen. /b? t so d? z ? vri ?ls ? bawt we ?k? d? mi dilz w muviz fr? m r? st ? v w? rld. ?n ? l? br? t ? nd m? st? ri? w? no pr? s? s p? rz dawn ?awz? ndz ? v p? t? n l n? m? niz tu fajv. s j? r ? e ? r dogtooth fr? m gris, incendies fr? m k? n? d? , biutiful fr? m m? ks? ko, awtsajd l? fr? m ? ld ri? ?nd ? n ? b? t? r w? rld, w? t? majt bi k? ns? d? rd fr? nt- r? n? r ? f ju tek globz ? z ? n om? n/ Phonetic Transcription Well pronounced mispronounced Segment used for substitution /? vri / /? k? d? i/ /w / /? n/ /? l? br? t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? /? nd/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /m? st? r? z/ Substitution of mid high front /I/ for the mid-front /e/ in the second syllable. /w? no / s/ Replacement of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /j? r/ /k? n? d? / The speaker did not produce de vowel sound. /? ld ri? / Substitution of mid high front /I/ for the mid-front /e/ in the second syllable. /? ld ri? / Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? / in the first syllable /? n/ /w? ? / /k? ns? d? rd/ /? f/ /? z/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? /? n/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / dogtooth came and went on a few American screens last spring, and Outside the Law had a brief run in December (and may give way shortly) only Biutiful, whose globally famous star, Javier Bardem, was nominated for best actor, is likely to be playing now at a theater near you.The others wi ll be released in the late winter or early spring, in the hopes of realizing some kind of box office bounce. The usual pre-nomination handicapping the canvassing of life-sustaining opinion and the weighing of popular sentiment does not apply to these movies, which might in principle make the choices less compromised, but in pattern only serves to make them more confusing. dogtooth kem ? nd w? nt ? n ? fju ? m? r? k? n skrinz l? st spr , ? nd awtsajd l? h? d ? brif r? n ? n d? s? mb? r ( ? nd me r? t? rn rtli) onli biutiful, huz glob? i fem? s st? r, h? vi? r bardem, w? z n? m? net? d f? r b? st ? kt? r, ? z lajkli tu bi ple naw ? t ? ?i? t? r n? r ju. rz w? l bi rilist ? n let w? nt? r ? r ? rli spr , ? n hops ? v ril? jz s? m kajnd ? v b? ks ? f? s bawns. ju w? l pri- n? m? ne n h? ndik? p k? nv? s ?v kr? t? k? l ? p? nj? n ? nd we ?v p? pj? l? r s? nt? m? nt d? z n? t ? plaj tu ? iz muviz, w? t? majt ? n pr? ns? p? l mek t js? z l? s k? mpr? m? jzd, b? t ? n pr? kt? s onli s? rvz tu mek m m? r k? nfjuz / Phonetic Transcription Well pronounced mispronounced Segment used for substitution /? nd/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /l? st/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the low-back. /spr / /? nd/ /h? d/ /? n/ /? d/ /? kt? r/ /? z/ /ple / /? t/ /n? / Substitution of the mid-high back vowel /I/ for the central diphthong /I? / /w? l/ Substitution of the mid-high back vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /? / /w? nt? r/ /spr / /? n/ /ril? jz / /? ? s/ Substitution of the mid low back /? /, for the Spanish /o/ /h? ndik? p / Substitution of the mid-high back vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /h? ndik? p /k? nv? s / /k? nv? s / Substitution of the mid-high back vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /kr? t? k? l/ /? p? j? n/ /? nd/ /we / /w? t? / /? n/ /pr? s? p? l/ /? n/ /pr? kt? s/ /k? nfjuz / METHODOLOGYAn IPC student from the Second semester was selected for the enter of the speech sample which was one of the main(prenominal) concerns of this investigation. The put down was made on February 9th in a classroom of the IPC. The electronic cheat used was a low quality cell phone whose recording application allowed us to record the students speech and then, by USB connection, transferred the audio to the PC and copied the data in a CD-ROM. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS map N? 1 Production of the vowel sound mid low back /? / in a text read by a student of the second semester at the IPC. Pronunciation laborious Substitution Well Pronounced Mispronounced Substitution of the mid /? 0 4 low back /? /, for the 0% 100 % Spanish /o/ in close of the cases. For the vowel sound low front /? / (fifty three times). For the vowel sound mid -high back /? / (two times). For the vowel sound mid high front /? / (eighty two times). For the vowel sound mid-low back /? / ( four times) Sound Right ravish Substitution 2 0 /? / 100% 0% None Sound Right Wrong Substitution 57 24 /? 70% 30% In most of the cases, replacement of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ Sound Right Wrong Substitution 22 31 /? / 42% 58% In most of the cases, Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central Schwa /? / 1- The speakers most troublesome sound was the mid low back vowel of English /? /, although its incidence in the whole article was very low, only four times. Nevertheless, the student substituted the English sound /? / whose lip- position is similar to the one of Spanish / o /, that is, slightly rounded. 2- After the mid-low back vowel, the most troublesome sound was the low front vowel /? /, due to the fact that the speaker substituted this sound /? / in most of the cases for schwa /? or Mid-low back /? /, in which the lips are slightly spread and the vowels for the subs titution are lax (/? /) and tense (/? /) respectively. nearly aspects that may cause trouble for the speaker is the word spelling, because sometimes they track down to get confused or doubtful when pronouncing a word, in the sec they see a difficult or uncommon spelling. RECOMMENDATIONS In order to facilitate our labor as future English teachers and to encourage our students to learn the language while developing effective skills, being harangue our main concern, the researchers selected a series of educational techniques ? ReadingsAs future EFL teachers we have to expose our students to English language through readings in which students will find a opthalmic stage (graphemes) and an auditory one (phonemes). Students will read aloud pieces of literary productions made by them or any selected reading material made by the teacher such as, short stories A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, To Build a fire by Jack London, or any play such as Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespea re. Students will read or hear structures like pot stop, tip sleep, car bad and the will also be aware of the likenesses or differences among vocalic sounds immersed in the readings. control EFL teachers must develop listening skill, so as a speaking one, in their students and this can be done through the appropriate use of dictation as a useful and realistic technique that will allow students to receive a phonic background and then to break apart the spelling data involved, that is, graphemes. The most important part of this method is that students will be able to create the pieces of writings that will be read by the teacher or among the classmates and whose content will be correspond to their interests and experiences, so student? creative expression will also be taken into account as essential part of the learning process. ? meter According to Stuckland (1962) students like poetry first for its singing quality, for its rhyme, rhythm and all that goes into the melody of ve rse. That is, the enjoyable environment poetry creates when students interpret its content. Suggested poems will be Hickory, Dickory, Dock by William Wallace Denslow in whose content are presented a variety of vowel sounds. CONCLUSIONSIn order to make our students aware of the different vowels in English, we as English teachers, have to clarify and exemplify several exercises for them, to make a distinction in pronunciation patterns of the sounds they can find more troublesome in English. We can write similar words in the age and provide a distinction of sounds to differentiate them, so students could see the pronunciation if we would practice with them the distinction and very essential, the spelling patterns for the English vowel productions and examples with these.Furthermore, if we teach these spelling patterns criteria and we practice the pronunciation of these difficult vowels for our students, they will assimilate and mature a better understanding, specifically if we focus our attention on these vowels /? / and /? /. As another useful activity, we can encourage our students to produce the different vowels of English by different techniques, and be aware of common mistakes in the vox of the mid-low back and /? / and the low front /? /.Regarding this, we can explain our students different techniques to practice in the classroom, such as reading activities, dictations, spelling patterns, pronunciation differences and others. Finally, we as EFL teachers have to be more sensible while listening to our student? s vowel production and when they find it difficult to make a distinction between the vowel systems of English and Spanish, and we can provide them with a comparison and contrast pattern, in order to provide them with the comprehension and accurate distinction between these systems, making their pronunciation more accurate. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCESSAPIR, EDWARD(1921) nomenclature An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Harcourt Brace and Company, O rlando, Florida. STRICKLAND, RUTH (1969) The language arts. D. C wellness and Company. Lexington, Massachusetts. A. C,GIMSON (1962) An introduction to the pronunciation of English. Reader in Phonetics, University College, London. A. C,GIMSON (1975) A practical bloodline of English Pronunciation, a perceptual approach. Edward Arnold Publishers, 25 Hill Street, London. Professor Viktor Carrasquero Hickory, dickory, get into The mouse ran up the clock The clock struck one, The mouse ran down, Hickory, dickory, dock