“Exchanging Our Country Marks” by Michael Gomez Essay

In Exchanging Our soil Marks, Michael Gomez b packs to pulsateher various strands of the historical record in a stun fusion that points the way to a definitive history of the Statesn Slavery. In this fusion of history, anthropology, and sociology, Gomez has made expert use of primary sources, including impertinentspapers ads for runaway slaves in colonial the States. Slave runaway accounts from newspapers are combined with personal diaries, church records, and former slave narratives to provide a firsthand account of the African and Afro-American experiences during the eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries. With this mastery of sources, Gomez challenges many of the prevailing assumptions ab come in thrall for sample, that the new condition of slavery superseded all some new(prenominal)s (48) and he advances intriguing new speculations ab bug out the development of a collective Afro-American identity. In Gomezs words It is a study of their efforts to move from heatheni ty to race as a basis for such an identity, a movement best understood when the continue of both internal and external forces upon brotherly relations within this association is examined(4).According to Gomez this identity emerged out of a mixture of African identities. end-to-end his study Gomez illustrates how Africans transferred their unique close and heritage to the refreshing World. He uncovers the mercilessness of the Middle Passage, and describes how some enslaved Africans attempted self-annihilation, some successfully. Africans did non embrace the trigger of slavery, and many chose to run away. The millions of Africans brought to America would not have thought of themselves as African they were Asante, Yoruba, or Igbo, their lives and characters defined by village or nation. Gomez given over a chapter to Muslims that had a religious identity connecting them to Arabia and Palestine rather than their native land. The Muslims brought with them a divergent idea abou t themselves and their world. As Gomez noted, the societies of West Africa similarly had their own histories. These the societies changed during the four centuries of the slave trade operation. Slave traders arrived at a particular point in their history. There ar tally influenced their history it did not create it. Gomez provides an understanding of what happened in West Africa before, during, and after the slave trade.Gomez opens his restrain with Denmark Veseys 1822 experiment in building a multi-ethnic biotic federation displaced Africans in Charleston, South Carolina. Vesey tried to replace ethnic diversity of African good deals with a united movement of Africans in America based on the Bible. We must unite together as the Santo Domingo people did, Vesey told his followers, who n one(a)theless so far organized themselves by ethnicity, with an Igbo column and Gullah column (3). Veseys uprising failed, merely not his experiment. The African peoples came to define themselve s along racial, rather than ethnic lines, though they would continue to transmit stories of their own ethnic cultures to their children. Just as Europeans immigrants came out of specific historical and social contexts, the Africans had individual social, religious, and historical identities. Gomez encourages a re-examination of African-American history by suggesting how polar communities of Africans responded and transferred their unique culture and heritage to the New World and also shows how particular African societies and cultures continue to shape our society.For example, the Kissi of Sierre Leone lived in rural villages, with out a strong governing state. They formed dark associations that acted as loose governing forces over their dispersed rural settlements. In their society women were autonomous, performing most of the societys agricultural work. The Kissi came to America with no desire for political power. The Akan, on the other hand, had a exceedingly organized politic al society. For centuries, they had dominated the gold and kola nut trades. after(prenominal) being conquered by the Asante in the eighteenth century the Akan succumbed to the slave trade, submission America not only experienced with centralized power scarce also politically insecure after the long-standing Asante threat. Members of the Kissi and Akan came to America with profoundly different outlooks on life.Gomez examines both the African communities from which these people came and the specific places in join America to which they were taken. The ethnicity of Africans brought to Virginia, to South Carolina, or to Louisiana shaped the African American communities on those areas much more than did the nature of their work or other factors. The Bambara and Malinke people from the Senegambia region who were transported to colonial South Carolina andFrench Louisiana brought with them their expert skill in growing rice. The first slave ships to reach Louisiana, in 1719, brought bo th African slaves and African rice seeds. By the end of the century, heretofore a greater proportion of African brought to Louisiana were Yoruba, Fon, or Ewe. These people Gomez argues, synthesized the complex Yoruba region into hoodoo, which Gomez neither romanticizes nor belittles.Besides ethnicity and race, Africans religion had a meaningful impact on African American culture and survived the psychological usurpation of American Christianity. Gomez is convincing in his accounts of Islam and Christianity. Islam, Gomez suggests, may have influenced African -American culture in ways herefore unimagined (82). Gomezs goal is to find out how these different peoples and societies influenced their world. Muslims brought to America carried a feeling of cultural supremacy and a connection with the wider world- a mixed identity that separated them from other Africans. tho this separation from other Africans, which amounted to a transcendence of ethnic category, allowed the Muslims to de velop bonds of community with other Africans more easily than Africans who still identified with their own ethnic cultures. Gomez argues that Muslims were more apt to enter Georgia, South Carolina, and Louisiana than the Chesapeake, perhaps numeration in the thousands.Muslims, Gomez argues, also made significant efforts to practice and preserve their religion. point for this claim includes praying beads found in slave cabins, the construction of churches face up east, and names found in runaway ads and slave registers. Gomez explains how the ring war cry and the relationship of water baptism were important African elements that survived in the black church. For example the shout was an indication of social rank and ancestral identification(270), and baptism was a performer by which the community grew closer, whether salt water or county born(p)(273). Both were important vehicles in both conversion and movement towards reconceptualization, tube and defiance(274).The ring shou t was not simply a transitional tool for creating racial identity. For Igbo, the ring shout had a particular social purpose, that is, to preserve community identity. Gomez relates the tendency of Igbo slaves in America to commitsuicide with folklore about flying back to Africa, or disappearing. The ring ceremony in Aliica was a way to solidify community identity and to bring the biography into communion with ancestors. The Igbo in America simply adapted it to their new setting.As the nineteenth century progressed blacks embraced Christianity but the liturgy was Africanized(279). Also, blacks preferred the Baptist denomination because it was decentralize and democratic. Just as some Africans would use the ring shout as a metaphysical return to the homeland and others as a means to forge a new community in America, Africans and African -Americans had different recollections of the slave trade that had caused their dislocation. Gomez analyzes two sets of traditions. In one set, Afric ans were tricked onto slave ships by Europeans offering them red cloth. But in another tale, King Buzzard, an African king, was condemned to travel alone through the world as a turkey buzzard for betraying his own and other people into slavery. The significance of this tale for Gomezs business lies in its transformation of historical fact. When Africans enslaved other Africans, they did not view themselves as betraying their own people. They would have regarded themselves as Aro or Asante or Wolof selling Igbo or Akan or Manlike. Folktales like the one about King Buzzard, created in America to explain the kickoffs of African slaves, gave to these different people a common origin on the distant continent.The Africans change from the self-awareness of ethnicity to that of race emerged from a common servitude, uncontaminating attitudes, and an internal dialogue(242). Association and location figured importantly as blacks in the Deep South, living in close proximity to one another, r esisted creolization, in contrast to Upper South blacks, a minority in close proximity to a white majority. Conversion to Christianity, a dense process, was helped along by incorporating familiar African practices such as the ring shout, water baptism, and funeral rites. Conversion, however, separated converts form the unconverted. By 1830, when Gomez concludes his book, African-Americans were divided by rival visions, one a future partnership in North America, the other a past as close to the bosom of Africa as they could get(292).This book contains numerous firsthand accounts detailing the social transformation of African-American culture in the New World. Gomezs argument is convincing he succeeds in uncovering how ethnicity and race affected the African American community in the colonial and antebellum South. His work is carefully organized, with many landmarks for the reader. Exchanging Our field Marks is well balanced and written it is a significant character to the African experience in American.

The Bobo Experiment

The Bobo Experiment was performed in 1961 by Albert Bandura to try and prove that people, especi eachy nestlingren, attend their social skills and bearings from copying or mimicking adults in their lives rather than through heredity genes. Bandura wished to show, by apply strong-growing and non-aggressive adult-actors, that a tike would be apt to replicate and learn from the behavior of a trusted adult (Shuttleworth, M. 2008). These issues have been present for numerous years, even before the media used these factors as selling points for newspapers.During the 1960s, there was several(prenominal) concerns and debates to a greater extent than or less how children developed whether it be from genetics, environmental factors, or social interactions. For this reason, Bandura created the Bobo boo Experiment to prove that children ar taught from the adults in their lives through role-modeling (Shuttleworth, M. 2008). Bandura had several hypotheses about the results of the Bobo Doll Experiment that were appropriate with his vision on the concepts of social culture (Shuttleworth, M. 2008). 1.Children observing an adult role model operating in an besides hostile manner would be in all probability to replicate similar behavior themselves, even if the adult was not there (Shuttleworth, M. 2008). 2. Subjects who had witnessed a non-aggressive adult would be less app atomic number 18nt to show violent inclinations, even if the adult was not present. They would be even less likely to exhibit this kind of assault than the control group of children, who had seen no role model at all (Shuttleworth, M. 2008). 3. Bandura believed that children would be much to a greater extent(prenominal) expected to mimic the behavior of a role model of the same sex.He wanted to show that it was much easier for a child to recognize and relate with an adult of the same sexual practice (Shuttleworth, M. 2008). 4. Banduras last presage was that boys would tend to be more aggre ssive than girls, because society has always endured and promoted violent behavior in men more than women (Shuttleworth, M. 2008). The results for the Bobo Doll Experiment showed, as expected, that children who were exposed to the aggressive model were more apt to show derivative aggressive behavior themselves.Another prediction was proved correct in that boys were nearly three times more likely to imitate physically violent behavior than girls (Shuttleworth, M. 2008). The overall endpoint of the Bobo Doll Experiment proved to be somewhat incomplete where near of the predictions were not being fully proved. It is not certain that children learn socially, however, it is likely that children watching an adult model using violent behaviors atomic number 18 more apt to believe that this kind of behavior is acceptable.Therefore, they may become users of this emblem of action themselves when faced with similar situations (Shuttleworth, M. 2008). Bandura discovered that girls were much less likely to become physically violent, but were equally as nonimmune to verbal aggression as boys. This finding is often seen in society, where bullying at school, by boys, is more often of a physical nature intimidation amongst girls tends to be more verbal and social (Shuttleworth, M. 2008).My theory on childishness development is that there are several factors that mold a child into the adult that the child grows to become. These factors include, but not limited to, social interaction with adults and peers, environmental factors, heredity genes (i. e. , bi-polar disorders, ADHD, etc), and the frugal standing on their confederacy. Children are susceptible to most things in their lives. One could envision a child as a sponge in that they absorb all information rough them.Children learn manners, basic living skills, language, and the like from their closest adults (i. e. , parents, grandparents, teachers, and friends parents). Children could possibly inherit disorders that cause obstacles in their learning abilities of how to conduct themselves appropriately in society. I think the most important factor that children learn from the adults and peers in their lives are how to solve problems with a little confrontation as possible.I whole step that most adults at present have trouble in this particular field of necessitate therefore, these adults are inadvertently teaching their children the same problem-solving skills that they hold when in actuality these adults want their children to solve their problems in a different and better way. The factor of an economic standing of their community is that if a child and their family live in a community of poor value, there tends to be less opportunities for a child to develop the necessary skills to survive and be self-sufficient in todays world.The communities of today need to provide outlets for children to express their dreams, concerns, and goals where the child feels safe. I think every community sho uld have some sort of community center or boys & girls club that promotes activities for the children, counseling for the children who need and want it, study tutors for children who need assistance with their homework, and proper teachings of appropriate social interaction. In my face-to-face life, I have discovered that, as an adult, I replicate today a lot of my mothers behaviors that I saw when I was a child.Remember saying to yourself, Ill never grow up to be my mother I do. Unfortunately, I have become her as an adult through how I conduct my attitudes, moods, facial expressions, and outlook on life. Through what I know of myself and what I experienced as a child, I can say with certainty that children are very influenced by their parents behaviors, attitudes, and moods. Children tend to believe that their parents are perfect and can do no wrong.I think that children are too young to realize that their parents are human just like they are and are just as likely to make sever al, if not numerous, mistakes on a daily basis. Without question, children are influenced, guided, and molded by the factors of life that surround them. References Shuttleworth, M. (2008). The Bobo doll experiment. (pp. 1-1). Experiment-Resources. com. Retrieved July 10, 2009, from Experiment-Resources. com. http//www. experiment-resources. com/bobo-doll-experiment. htmlixzz0KuMD9ZEw&C

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A classroom that includes disciples diagnosed with minimal idea damage needs to include useful intervention strategies. According to the Ameri brook Psychiatric Association, management famine Hyperactivity oerthrow is characterized by pervasive and learnmentally inappropriate difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and hyper activity.These students frequently curb difficulties hobby classroom rules and so-and-so show aggression, they argon to a fault to a greater extent in all probability to be rejected affectionately and gift more difficulty acquire a longsighted with other students. School-based services be usually needed as headspring as placement in a special facts of life class.The implementation of fashional strategies combined with the use of psychotropic medications plenty do increase to a favorable outcome and a greater happen of success. Children with hyperkinetic syndrome have antithetic deportments that give notice prevent them from tuition a nd those behaviors stern start from be mildly disruptive to al just approximately(prenominal) making it undoable for academic and social success.A variety of behavioral strategies tin be implemented to accommodate each childs needs. These strategies should include whatever(prenominal) chiseled, simple expectations or rules that outline expected behaviors for all students. These rules should be posted and reviewed frequently as easily as recognized and congratulationsd when they ar being followed.When all students represent the expectations, they have a goal they can lean towards. For some students having surplus prompts can military service them to maintain self-importance control and hit these goals. pedantic tasks can seem overwhelming for some students and thither atomic number 18 some ways to help these students complete their aim work. One effective schema is modifying the size of a task, breaking it into smaller assignments can help them achieve succes s.Gradually increasing the level of difficulty, and the time spent working on an academic activity might help some students learn self regulation. When they can complete a task they should be praised or rewarded. I shortly work in a classroom where there are modifications made for several students depending on the subject being taught.One student becomes overwhelmed by math lessons and feels defeated before he even begins. His behavior reflects this when he becomes disruptive and refuses to even try. Several strategies have been implemented to help him and are currently being used with success. Presenting the work in smaller assignments has helped him feel less overwhelmed.First I work up sure he understands the task and what the total assignment is, thence it is broken into sections for him to choose from. By choosing the section he feels near comfortable to begin with helps promote a positive attitude toward the overall task. Combining this with positive reinforcement and praise for staying on task and non disrupting others has been successful and this students average grade has increase by 10% since the beginning of the train year.Reinforcement based strategies deal a reward system can be a real helpful son of a bitch as a whole class strategy. The desired behavior and expectations need to be outlined as well as what the reward entrust be. These expectations need to be soul and realistic so that the student can see progress toward the goal.This strategy can be successful when used regularly and followed with with(predicate). This is a strategy that I currently work with and it brings positive burdens. I work in a 7th grade ASD classroom where there are clear classroom goals as well as individual goals. The students earn checks for short term rewards bid 15 minutes of IPad use or art time as well as a larger goal of Fri daytime Fun which is a free period of social interaction with classmates where they can choose a game or activity to play for an entire period.The goals are personalized and can be increased as the students ability grows. Having a long term goal also gives a student room to chastise their behavior and make up for times when behavior needed to be disciplineed. Not every student earns this reward all the time, but the teacher helps the students understand where they need improvement and how together they can work to achieve their goal for the next week.Both articles discuss the importance of the partnership mingled with parents, teachers, and counselors. All parties should have a good understanding of the strategies used at home office and in naturalise day. These strategies are the most successful when they are followed through by all. Open communication is very important and allows for an easier transition from school to home and home to school.For two students in my classroom we send home a Have a Good Day Chart which gives parents a look at their childs overall behaviors as well as their progress throughout the day. This helps us to see what time of day may be more challenging or if a particular subject causes discarded behaviors.If the student is on medication it can track the time of day behaviors are occurring and can help when parents speak with their childs doctor. Intervention services are essential to helping a student succeed. These providers evaluate from a different sight and can offer additional strategies for parents and teachers The way to achieve the scoop out outcome is for all caregivers to develop a plan that includes strategies that are both(prenominal) proactive and reactive.Encouraging the desirable behaviors and addressing undesirable actions help to teach self regulation. Tracking and recording data show growth and improvements. This helps every one(a) identify the strategies that work and where transposes are needed as the child grows. These strategies should be reviewed and discussed by everyone implementing them.This is especially important f or children in middle school or high school where there are multiple teachers working with the students each day. Consistent and clear guidelines can help students with hyperkinetic syndrome be successful and reach their lavish potential.Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderWolraich and Baumgaertel in The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Based on the New DSM-IV Criteria (1996) observe that ADHD is the most common mental de vomit in children (p. 168). From a parents perspective, ADHD is a troubling disarray feared collectable to its adverse set up on the behavior of children. Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) further notes that the marks for the disorder are usually well developed by school age children and are also most clearly and consistently observed in the school and classroom environment (p.170).For the parent, ADHD is a disorder that should be given strict status as it may greatly affect their childs school performance and overall mental developm ent. The article gives a detailed study of the history of ADHD, consistently citing earlier enquiryes conducted in examining the disorder. The article also emphasizes the foregoing criteria in find out the disorder. In essence, Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) argue that DSM-IV as a bare-ass criteria for the prevalence of ADHD.In their research, the authors obtained teachers who testament fill-up a behavior rating scale for their students. Children from kindergarten to fifth part grade in a middle Tennessee county participated in a siemens study under the same research. muchover, the questionnaires used in the research consisted of a modified teacher rating scale in order to gibe the DSM-IV. In the studies, a principal component work out analysis with varimax whirling was used. Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) found similarities among the studies and that ADHD is indeed a habitual disorder among school children.With DSM-IV as the new criteria, the researchers confirm that t he scope of ADHD is more overabundant than we may already know. From the perspective of the parent, it can hardly be denied that the behaviors of their children may reflect symptoms of ADHD in one way or another. By noting the research findings of Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996), parents may soon realize that their children may have ADHD or show symptoms of the disorder. It may cause a reason for cast down which can ultimately result to an increase in the efforts of parents to constantly monitoring device their childrens behavior both at home and in school.I have learned that ADHD is indeed a serious disorder because it is prevalent among children who, in their young age, are still on the verge of learning many things which are basic to ones life. If that is the case, ADHD poses a threat on the younger generation of learners which should be a sufficient reason for the learning institutions and key officers to assess the school services being provided and to create measures which will address the symptoms of the disorder manifested by young learners with ADHD. Without doubt, my perspective towards ADHD and those who have it has changed.The prevalence of ADHD among children taught me that the disorder is not a simple difficulty which has a ready-made solution. Because the disorder is in the beginning root in the human brain, ones attitude towards children with ADHD should not be in a harsh way. Learning to treat children with the disorder with respect and understanding is a must. If the facts presented by Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) are not get enough, I cannot think of any other compelling force to make people rethink their attitudes towards people with ADHD.In case one may wonder, the research done by the authors of the article is a credible research primarily because the authors have accurately and objectively presented their findings with no regard to personal bias. More importantly, the authors have the authority and scholastic records to back-up their efforts in the research. For one, Mark Wolraich is the Child education Centers director as well as a prof of Pediatrics in Vanderbilt University Medical Center.On the other hand, Anna Baumgaertel is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics in the same university. Apart from the thing that the authors have presented, there are still other things I would like to know. For instance, can ADHD last a lifetime? Inasmuch as ADHD can be acquired by children at a young age, does it also indicate that the disorder can be carried over to ones adulthood or later years on life? Hyperactivity is one of the symptoms in determining if a person has the disorder.But it is certainly not the sole defining symptom in identifying traces of ADHD in a persons behavior. If that is the case, then it is more than likely that grown-ups and the elderly may also manifest ADHD. Or is it? Another thing that I would like to know is whether ADHD can be directly cured by medicines or medical and surgical operatio ns. Since the disorder has strong relation to a persons brain, can doctors make use of brain surgery in order to correct what seems to be a flaw in ones brain and eventually relieve the person suffering from ADHD?Or can it be the case that continuous medication through pills or peradventure through injection of medicine in the form of fluids can result to an immediate and long-lasting cure for the disorder? Lastly, if ADHD is best manifested through the behavior of children, what can parents do in order to counter or at least lessen the possibility for children with the disorder to suddenly change shape towards a hyperactive state?It seems much is yet to be explored about the nature of ADHD and those who suffer from it. For the moment, it is sufficient to know that the disorder is a serious problem and necessitates serious solutions for both parents, teachers and doctors. Reference Wolraich, M. & Baumgaertel, A. (1996). The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Ba sed on the New DSM-IV Criteria. Peabody Journal of Education, 71 (4), 168-186.Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (abbreviated as ADHD) is a term that used to describe a range of behavior related problems leading to lower concentration and poor attention. It is a problem which affects many people across all ages in the world.ADHD leads to development of many learning difficulties in children since they cannot pay full attention in class. bandage some individuals may exhibit one coach alone, other may exhibit a wide range of considerations including impulsiveness, restlessness, hyperactivity, and many others.The severity of the condition depends on the range of symptoms that are exhibited by the child. Apart from academic problems, children with ADHD also suffer from social problems and most of them have shown inability to socialise with their peers at home or at school. The condition is also cognise by other words like hyperkinetic due to the common factor of restlessness which is exhibited by children suffering from the condition.The condition can be categorise together with other neurobehavioral defects which affects a wide range of population. However, ADHD is more prevalent in children although statistics shows that the condition affects close to 5% of the people in the world regardless of their age. The symptoms the conditions are more manifest in children than in adults and are mainly noted in a close charge set up like in schools.There is also gender revolution in the prevalence of the condition and it has been diagnosed twice in males and females. In some case, the disease has been shown to be chronic where more than 45% of individuals who are diagnosed with the condition in their early age progress with the symptoms late to their adulthood. As individuals grow, they develop coping mechanisms which decrease the prevalence of the symptoms of the condition in later adulthood.ADHD presents one of the greatest academic challenges that teachers have to deal with. Unlike normal children who are attentive in class, ADHD children exhibit a wide range of attention difficult which affects their academic performance.Therefore it is the duty of the teacher to come up with working strategies to help ADHD children to perform like the rest in class. There are various strategies that have already been proved quite an effective in assisting ADHD children to improve their academic performance.This paper will discuss ADHD in school going children. The paper will first have an overview of ADHD including its definition, pathopysiology, symptoms, and treatment. Then it will review the social and academic difficulties that ADHD children goes through and finally it will review strategies that can be used by teachers to help students with ADHD to perform well in class.ADHDADHD was first recorded by Scottish physician horse parsley Crinchton in 1798. Alexander described a condition resulting to menta l restlessness which is very similar to the modern diagnoses of ADHD. However, ADHD was recognized in 1902 by a British pediatrics George Fredrick. Fredrick also defined a condition which was very similar to ADHD but he recognized it as an abnormal physical condition affecting children which as more evident in their studies ( stay put and Leslie, 2008).Extensive research on ADHD has shown that it can be caused by biological or environment factors and the combination of the two aggravates the symptoms of the condition. According to Cleave and Leslie (2008), there are three biological factors which can predispose individual to develop the symptoms of the condition includingChild temperament which lead to varied change in attitude and personality Genetic factors including inheritance of the condition from parents or close relatives Accidents leading to damage of the brain tissues which can be due to pre-birth problems or trauma which leads to hypotoxic damage of the brain Environmental causes have also been linked to development of the condition. Environmental causes include a wide range of factors that compose the growth environment (Stern and Stern, 2002).There are wide ranges of environment factors which can predispose individuals to the development of the condition including the family stress, the style of parenting earlier difficulties faced in education, growth in areas prone to negative behaviors like violence, peer influence, and many others. For example, research has shown that children who grow up with violent parents or alcoholic parents are prone to development of symptoms of the condition than others.In the United States ADHD has remained on of the most controversial social and medical issue. Different stakeholders like medics, social workers, media, and others have all questioned the diagnoses criteria in ADHD with some arguing that the condition is over diagnosed by the present DSM-IV criteria.However this controversy in the diagnoses criteria stem s from the systematic development of the diagnoses tool keeping into consideration that ADHD cannot be diagnosed using clinical signs.

Acc 490 Week 4 Individual Assignment

The trends show a strong increase in the inventory warp days, an increase in the gross margin for the best result for the tetrad year period, and an improved collection time. c. 7. 84 days Tolerable mis tilt ? cogs x 365 = 45 ? 1859 x 365 = 7. 84 d. 205 has significant changes with the mix decrease to purchases with an increase in the gross margin which increased by 52. 4%. Inventory turn days increased to 199 days from 183 days. When you combine this result with the expectation range of 7. 4 days, the result is significant and shows what could be a potential everywherestatement of inventory from a possible demerit in calculations or fraudulent monetary reporting. 10-32 a. a. Control Environment. b. Control activities Controls over management discretion in financial reporting. c. Control activities Information treat understands Computer general instructions. d. Monitoring. e. Risk Assessment. f. Control Environment. g. Control activities Information bear upon controls Com puter general controls. h.Control activities Information processing controls Computer finish controls. i. Control activities Performance reviews. j. Control activities Information processing controls Computer drill controls. k. Monitoring. l. Information and communication. m. Risk assessment. n. Control activities Information processing controls Controls over the financial reporting process. b. a. Common impact. b. Valuation or eachocation c. All arrogances d. Completeness, introduction or occurrence. e. Common impact f. All assertions g. All both assertion . Completeness i. Valuation or Allocation, Completeness, Existence or occurrence j. Existence or occurrence k. Existence or occurrence l. All assertions m. All assertions n. All assertions 11-21 a. The reasons an attendant may assess control endangerment at the maximum level for one or more assertions embodied in an reckon balance include controls that are incredible to relate to an assertion, controls are unlikely to be effective, and it would not be efficient for the auditor to evaluate the metier of the controls of the entity. b.In order for an auditor to support assessing control risk at less than the maximum level when the auditor has determined that the controls have been move into operation include a few issues. One is that the auditor involve to identify the specific controls that will affect specific financial statement assertions. Another involves the auditor performing tests of controls in order to evaluate the speciality of the plan and operation of said controls that prevent or detect any misstatements of material of financial statement assertions.The final issue is that the auditor involve to determine the assessed level of control risk. c. There are things that an auditor take to consider when seeking a further reduction in the plan assessed level of control risk including if superfluous tests of controls will give additional needed evidence, and if it will be effective to the additional tests of controls. d.The auditors documentation requirements concerning an entitys system of internal controls along with assessing the level of control risk include having the auditor document the basic requirements involving the systems of internal controls of the entity and assessing their levels of control risks. An auditor also needs to document the basic understanding of the risk assessment along with the control environment, monitoring, and information and communication.An auditor is also involve to document the assessment of the level of control risk for all significant financial statement assertions along with the control risk that is assessed at the maximum level. Documentation of the workplace needs to include a description of the tests of controls that the auditor has completed, the results obtained from those findings with the deficiencies noted, the evaluation of the auditor as to the effectiveness of the controls, and the effect on the timing, nature, and finish of the substantive audit procedures.

Measuring Return on Investment (ROI)

Before scratch line to compargon and measure the revert of enthronization for an breeding transcription, it is better to furbish up terms such as Information Technology and Return of investment or ROI. Information technology is a field concerned with the production, globeipulation, sacramental manduction and transfer or training through the practise of electronically-based equipments to satisfy mans needs (Albacea p. 4).Thus, in this definition we be not provided referring to education itself but also for the communication aspects of the teaching system which is of tolerant drug abuse today. The Return of Investment, on the other hand, includes the costs and benefits in set up a firm. Mainly, it is more focused on maximizing the benefits of the firm. In dealing with information systems, the definition of the return of investment is better to be extended so a to include not and the overt but also the tangible benefits a firm or an pip can derived in establishing t heir own information system (Grimes).To make a clear measurement of the ROI, let us have nevertheless dickens groups of consideration. Since most of the websites on the internet are focused only on either commercial or information sake, then we shall consider the firms that invests on utilizing information systems for commercial purposes and the other 1s are those that utilizes the information system for information sake such as the government.In the premier category, step the cost of twist an information-related investment such as websites for selling or doing e-commerce can be distinctly seen. E-commerce is an innovation in the information technology w here consumers can accomplish with sellers using only information system (Albacea p. 256). Since the cost for hiring a programmer, for example, in creating a website for a commercial firm, the hardware and other features such as searching or blog which can be brought through licensing are known, then the total cost of establ ishing this set up can be com fructifyed and is just can be known by making a total of all of the expenses and efforts.The other originate, which is calculation the benefits, is rather the difficult part of it. This may be the reason why contrast owners and IT leaders are not interested in knowing or having a meticulous or definite benefit evaluation or resolutioniveness laterwards they had make a website or an e-commerce page. According to Mary K. Pratt of the Computerworld of US in one of her features, the ROI for a website must be necessarily careful.She justified the ROI is actually measurable, and that those companies that are not measuring it doesnt really concern of what their fundss worth. She takes, for example, Kia Motors. Kia Motors has for their websites visitor and mostly, what their basis of ranking is on the probability or wantlihood of the customer to purchase a aim. They said that those that are downloading their face cloth page are more likely to purch ase a motor than those that only browse through their homepage.They can also measure the benefits on how advertisements on the Internet have changed their production and gross profit. If they see that they had made an advertisement on the Internet but has no increase on the sales, assuming all other factors are held constant, then the information-based technique they use is ineffective.Since ROIs concern is in costs and benefits, we should also take the advantages of having information related systems than not having any. For example, we can measure how we can save property by replacing the paper ads or printed documents by the electronic version.About 18%, according to the analysts, of the printed document of a business firm becomes expired or not updated after just seven days or a week-long of time. Thus, after this period, they must be replaced by the updated ones. On the other hand, update earthations on the web bequeath cost less than updating the printed ones (McGrath). Hen ce, this is one way of showing how information systems can cause a campaign of the computation of the ROI.For the firms that utilizes the information system for commercial purposes, ROI can be measured in this way the cost or the expenses can be comfortably calculated by just summing up the expenses made in place up or establishing an electronic-based project, and the benefits, though not clearly seen, can be calculated by taking into consideration its effect on the business and how it can cut costs for the establishment.Now, let us look at the second category which is the firms or offices that utilizes information system for information-sake. The most cat valium example for this category is the government. Usually, included in their budget is the allocation for having information systems that are helpful for humankind. If the benefits in the commercial-related are not clearly seen, here in the second category, the benefits are even more difficult to measure.Take unite States for example. According to contract for Technology of Government at the University of Albany, even after some years of having information system exclusive for government information, the return of investment for this particular project is uncertain and is very hard to put in numbers (ctg.albany.eduPrintVersion=1). Why is this so?Similar to the first category, the insert resources for putting up or for the establishment of the information system to be used by the government can be readily computed for this is only the sum of all the expenses needed in the establishment. This will surely includes the struggle or salaries of the personnel commandd, the purchases made, and other licensing expenses.Government usually has its websites for its departments to ensure that the customary will be well informed of national issues and information that are of public concern or the public can have great use of them. Again, return of investment is concern with the cost and the benefits. Now, ho w can we measure the benefits? If the members of the first categories benefits can be measured by seeing the effect of the system to their business, governments measurement of the benefits is a lot more different.Remember that the benefits as defined earlier simultaneously with the Return of Investment dont only include the tangible benefits but also the non-tangible ones. Thus, looking at the example earlier, the government has its own way of measuring the benefits. They had a trite legal opinion technique that gives results whether their investments or efforts in putting up the information system dedicated to serve the public has a significant effect or just a waste of time, effort and money (Grimes).This assessment technique needs some adjustments as justified by the Center of Technology for Government. This leads them to propose the Public harbor Framework (Cresswell). The Public Value Framework emphasizes the role and importance of the public in assessing the performance of the information system used by the government. Unlike the previous system where only the government are responsible for the evaluation done, the second system or the Public Value Framework will give power for the public in assessments.Therefore, for the firms or offices that utilize information system for information sake, like the first one, they had a clear computation for cost but a rather difficult computation for benefits. The ROI can be computed by computing the cost through obtaining the summation of all the expenses and the benefits can be seen on the effects or how their objectives of putting up the system are fulfilled. That is, if the public has more satisfaction in using the system established by the government, then the governments return of investment is indeed higher.In general, measuring the return of investment for an information system is not an easy assess because of the complexity on the non-tangible benefits it has to offer, even if the cost of establishing the information system is clearly and be easily computed. In the end, the basis of the measurement of the return of investment is still in how it would affect the entities it is intended to be useful for or how the goals or objectives of a firm who puts up the system is attained or become more possible. It is recommended that more studies be made to make a standard basis for computation of the return of investment even if it has to involve many factors that are hard to put in numbers.ReferencesPratt, Mary K.( may 28, 2007) Measuring Your Websites Return of Investment. Business Technology Leadership. 6 July 2007. .Cresswell, Anthony M, et al. (September 2006). go on Return of Investment Analysis for Government IT. 6 July 2007Grimes, Brad and Joab Jackson. (September 2006). Whats you IT investment worth really? 6 July 2007Center for Technology in Government. 6 July 2007McGrath, George and Anthony Schneider. Measuring Intranet Return On Investment. 6 July 2007.Albacea, Eliezer A. Inform ation Technology Literacy I. UPLB, Philippines UPLB Foundation, Inc. 2005.

Effects of Smoking

Effects of Smoking accord to the Clinical Respiratory Journal an average of five million throng will break dance globally every year from effects of tobacco potty. The bout of deal that dies is shocking. Smoking has many knockout effects on the human personate from effecting the lungs, flavour, and flat starts fecal mattercer if you did not know that already. why do nation batch? Some people might ask. easily there is nicotine in tobacco which precedents your muscles to relax and thus create that restful non stressful vox populi that people who smoke odours while enjoying a cig artte.The feeling can be eally strong for a first time stag party causing a buzz, since their body has not built up a tolerance to the nicotine. When people do commencement exercise to build up their tolerance level, the feeling of the pleasurable buzz or relaxation lessens to where you must smoke more than i cigarette to feel relaxed or even a slight buzz. But there is a drawback nicot ine is a highly addictive substance. So addictive in fact that check to heart. org compares it to spartancore drug addictions like cocaine and heroin.So once people start they are caught in a trap. Heart. org states that approximately sixty-eight ercent of smokers want to block, precisely are unable to stop be hasten of the high amounts of nicotine in his/her body. But what happens to those who cannot quit? Well let me start with the place smoke gets inhaled to The Lungs. The impairmentful smoke from the cigarette causes immediate life threatening damage to the lungs the second the smoke enters. According to Lung. org cigarette smoke has over 4,800 chemicals with sixty-nine known chemicals to cause cancer.Even with Just one inhale all of those chemicals will enter the lungs. derriere smoke has been also connected to chronic obstructive pulmonary ailment (COPD) such as chronic ronchitis and emphysema. On top of COPD, cigarettes also cause the lungs to shrink and turn black, th us causing inability to breathe deep and less oxygen in the blood stream. That is way when smokers exercise they feel very light headed and issue of breath, because there is not an ample deliver of oxygen in the blood stream.How bad would that be to past out from lack of oxygen while playing with your grandkids? I would feel terrible to lead that kind of example of its 0k to smoke and cause that kind of harm to the lungs to where a person cant even spend quality family time with them. I have wondered why the lungs Just dont pretty all of those nasty chemicals out, or why do smokers cough. I have found out that these two things are related. Everybody has these little hairs in their longs called cilia that help clean out mucous secretion and harmful substances in the lungs.The smoke from a cigarette paralyzes these hairs causing mucus to build up in the lungs which gives people terrible coughs by stressful to hack the mucus out of the lungs. Which if the person coughs for long e nough and hard enough, the cough will cause major irritation in the throat making the person cough up blood. Now back to the chemicals, the cilia cannot clean the chemicals out of the lungs because it is the chemicals that immobilize them and will eventually all will die out and stop working if the smoker smokes long enough.Which if that happens the persons lungs will be almost beyond repair with all of the mucus build up, the chemicals causing harm, and the lungs not being able to clean out the natural substances that could already cause harm to the lungs. All in all t i is one highly deadly trio. The lungs are one of the part of the body that most people think get harmed when a person smoke, only if people do not think about the heart. Almost 20 percent of people that pass away due to cardiovascular unhealthiness are directly related to locoweed.That is differentiateing that if a hundred people died from heart disease twenty of them died because of smoking, and not of high ch olesterol or some other reason. That number is scary because of the fact of instead of harming one major organ the body the person is harming two. Smoking causes the heart to addition its rate of speed causing the resting heart beat to be intimately higher than the average nonsmoker. With each cigarette a person smokes the chances of arterial blood vessel disease goes up. Which means that also the chances of heart failure and having a heart attack goes up substantially.In some cases the threat of heart failure has a greater chance of happening than lung failure. Taking all of these factors into consideration people still smoke because it is their body and they are only harming themselves well may I say that statement is false. Secondhand smoke kills a number around 70,000 of nonsmokers a year. Thats 70,000 people that care about their body daylight because of somebody elses stupidity and no awareness of how their choices impact others. Some smokers say that econdhand smoke is ha rmless, but that is a complete lie.Secondhand smoke can cause the same exact health concerns from the lungs, to the heart, and can even cause cancer. Yes, smokers are not the only ones who get cancer it is also the people who they are around. Kids are extremely vulnerable to secondhand smoke from smokers. The kids immunity scheme has not fully developed yet to even attempt to postulate off the diseases from the smoke. Kids are already experiencing heart failure due to their parents cigarettes. I have personally known a sweet kid who had bustle with his heart because his parents smoked.It is truly heart wrenching to watch it happen. If you are rendition this please remind people to all of the health risks that smoking can impose. Such as cancer, lung disease, cardiovascular disease and along with telling them that smoking not only harms them but also their loved ones. Citations Carter, Charleata A. , Manoj Misra, and Robert R. Maronpot. Tracheal structural And Protein Alteration s Following Short-Term Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Exposure To Rats. Journal Of toxicologic Pathology 25. 3 (2012) 201-207. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. ello, Francescopaolo D, et al.Question ALCOHOL, MARIJUANA, COCAINE, AND A WIDE modification OF OTHER CHEMICAL AGENTS THAT ALTER PERCEPTIONS AND MOODS ARE CALLED?Answer athttps//donemyessay.com/unit-5-review/

Greek Mythology Research Paper Essay

Do you know two historical natesground on the forge monstrosity? Greek and papist mythology is present all around us. Many new and interesting lecture were created from the Greeks. There are legion(predicate) types of myths that we hear intimately including gods, goddesses, mythical heroes, new(prenominal) heroes, monsters, and villains. When looking up these myths, research will show that many of the manner of speaking we say today come from these gods and goddesses. An example of this is the haggle bulky and all overgrowth comes from giant.The word giant has a long, unique, and mysterious background. According to dictionary. com, giant star is genuinely large abnormally great development in size. (dictionary. com) Prior to my search, I predicted that a giant was a very large man that lived in the forest and had no connection with either gigantic nor gigantism. I inferred this because of movies and books. When I saw the word gigantic I remember hearing it and I tho ught it meant a large person, but I had no mind it was link up to Greek or Roman mythology.Gigantism puzzled me because Ive never heard it before. As I came across the definition of gigantic, I launch out that it meant very large which connects to giant and gigantism. (dictionary. com) upon conducting research, I wise(p) more about the root word giant, coming across breeding about its etymology and formual story behind it. Perrizo 2 Giants roots go all the way back before gods or even humans existed. The etymology relates back to Greek mythology the giants were the children of Uranus and Gaea.They were involved in a conflict with the Olympian gods called the Gigantomachy, which was eventually settled when the hero Heracles decided to second the Olympians. The Greeks believed some giants lay buried from that time under the earth and that they resulted in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Many stories stomach been written about giants in divide of cultures. In Norse mytholo gy, the giants are the origin of most of various monsters, and in the eventual battle of Ragnarok the giants will storm Asgard and defeat them in war.The gods themselves were related to the giants by many marriages, and there are giants such as ? gir, Loki, Mimir and Ska? i, who have little difference in status to them. In Bulgarian mythology, giants called ispolini populate the Earth before modern humans. They lived in the mountains, fed on rude meat and often fought against dragons. Ispolini were afraid of blackberries which posed a danger of promiscuous and dying, so they offered sacrifices to that plant. Giants stand for the Basque pot not willing to convert to Christianity who decides to sting to the old life style and customs in the forest.Sometimes they carry the secret of ancient techniques and wisdom unknown to the Christians, like in the subtitle of San Martin Txiki, while their most outstanding feature is their strength. It follows that in many legends all over the Basque territory the giants are held accountable for the creation of many rock music formations, hills and old structures, with similar explanations provided in different spots. There are many similarities and differences in the language giant, gigantic, and gigantism. Gigantic is big very large, tall, or bulky.Giant is a very tall imaginary creature in queer tales and legends, an imaginary being who resembles a human but is much taller, larger, and stronger. Perrizo 3 Gigantism is the quality of being giant the quality or considerateness of being much taller, larger, or stronger than is usual. These three definitions are similar to all(prenominal) other because all of them have to do with being large. Today these words are all apply to describe how tall, strong, or big mortal is. All of these words also share the same Greek, Roman, and other origins. These he creatures.This particular word has a very long and precise background, whereas gigantic and gigantism have a short an d not informational background. Not lonesome(prenominal) is the word giant applicable in todays world, noted seewright William Shakespeare alludes to the word in one of his plays. In Shakespeares play much ado about nothing, Claudio uses the word giant in act 1 scene 3. He is then a giant to an copycat but then is an ape a doctor to such a man. (line 2276) Shakespeare uses the monsters name as an illusion to illustrate the comparison between a giant, an ape, and man.Perhaps Shakespeare wanted to show the difference between stupid and alleged(prenominal) smart. Giant is being used to illustrate that a giant and an ape are two unintelligent creatures. Aside from Shakespeares use of the word, giant is used in the following quote from measure for measure. O, I do fear thee, Claudio and I quake, lest thou a fevorous life shouldest entertain, and six or seven winters more respect than a perpetual honor. Darest thou exceed? The sense of death is most apprehension and the poor beetle that we maltreat upon, in corpual sufferance finds a pang as great as when a giant dies. (isabell). The word giant is used in origin to emphasize the greatness of a giant dieing with Claudio dying. perrizo 4 Whether giant is used in Shakespeare or other forms of literature, the words etymology seems to be prevalent in todays world. The word Is regularly used today, ranging from a hired gun company, to a disability center. The general meaning of giant hasnt changed over time, but only people who are educated about the word know its true mythical meaning. For example gigantism shaping is an organization for the tallest people in the world.I did not find a relevant industry on sacksite on giant or gigantic. When writing this paper, I contracted a plethora of information about the word giant, and its pagan background. Not only did I learn about this interesting monster, I gained experience on learning how to evaluate reliable sources and search the web cautiously. This essay taug ht me that the majority of the words we use today have an origins that dates back to Roman and Greek times. Giant originated the words gigantic and gigantism, and I found a great deal of information that connected giant to both of the other words.Furthermore, locating the information necessary to complete the project was slow and fast, but then I began to write my report, I had to think about where to start and how to organize the information I had into a cohesive essay. Finally,, I learned that people can misconstrue the meanings of words easily if they do not understand or use the words correctly. All people need to develop their communication skills and look up unfamiliar words or inquire about the origin of words so they learn about the amazing history of our amazing language. Perrizo 5 Works cited et, al.http//dictionary. reference. com/ snip/giant. N. p. , 6 2012. Web. 6 Nov 2012. burton, robert. http//www. bartleby. com/100/151. 5. html. N. p.. Web. 11/6/2012. encyclopedia b ritannica online . http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/ yield/232937/giant. encyclopedia Britannihjca, 24 2012. Web. 7 Nov 2012. Lindemans, Micha F.. giant. http//www. pantheon. org/articles/g/giant. html. N. p. , 03 1997. Web. feb 24 2004. shakespeare. merchant of venice. http//www. opensourceshakespeare. org/ concord/o/? i=768422&pleasewait=1&msg=sr. university 2012. Web. 2007-2012.